How Pterosaurs Got Their Wings

September 18, 2019

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Eons - S3 - E29

When pterosaurs first took flight, you could say that it marked the beginning of the end for the winged reptiles. Because, strangely enough, the power of flight -- and the changes that it led to -- may have ultimately led to their downfall.

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Eons: Season 3 - 39 Episode s

3x1 - When Humans Were Prey
January 8, 2019
Not too long ago, our early human ancestors were under constant threat of attack from predators. And it turns out that this difficult chapter in our history may be responsible for the adaptations that allowed us to become so successful.
3x2 - How Blood Evolved (Many Times)
January 15, 2019
Blood is one of the most revolutionary features in our evolutionary history. Over hundreds of millions of years, the way in which blood does its job has changed over and over again. As a result, we animals have our familiar red blood. But also blue blood. And purple, and green, and even white.
3x3 - The Humans That Lived Before Us
January 29, 2019
As more and more fossil ancestors have been found, our genus has become more and more inclusive, incorporating more members that look less like us, Homo sapiens. By getting to know these other hominins--the ones who came before us--we can start to answer some big questions about what it essentially means to be human.
3x4 - The Island of Shrinking Mammoths
February 5, 2019
The mammoths fossils found on the Channel Islands off the coast of southern California are much smaller than their relatives found on the mainland. They were so small that they came to be seen as their own species. How did they get there? And why were they so small?
3x5 - The Evolution of the Heart (A Love Story)
February 13, 2019
In order to understand where hearts came from, we have to go back to the earliest common ancestor of everything that has a heart. It took hundreds of millions of years, and countless different iterations of the same basic structure to lead to the heart that you have today.
3x6 - How 7,000 Years of Epic Floods Changed the World
February 27, 2019
Strange geologic landmarks in the Pacific Northwest are the lingering remains of a mystery that took nearly half a century to solve. These features turned out to be a result one of the most powerful and bizarre episodes in geologic history: this region experienced dozens of major, devastating floods over the course of more than 7,000 years.
3x7 - The Island of Huge Hamsters and Giant Owls
March 5, 2019
Back in the late Miocene epoch, there was an island--or maybe a group of islands-- in the Mediterranean Sea that was populated with fantastic giant beasts. It’s a lesson in the very strange, but very real, powers of natural selection.
3x8 - The Giant Bird That Got Lost in Time
March 12, 2019
The California condor is the biggest flying bird in North America, a title that it has held since the Late Pleistocene Epoch. It's just one example of an organism that we share the planet with today that seems lost in time, out of place in our world.
3x9 - When We First Made Tools
March 26, 2019
The tools made by our human ancestors may not seem like much when you compare them to the screen you’re looking at right now but their creation represents a pivotal moment in the origin of technology and in the evolution of our lineage.
3x10 - When Giant Scorpions Swarmed the Seas
April 2, 2019
Sea scorpions thrived for 200 million years, coming in a wide variety of shapes and sizes. Over time, they developed a number of adaptations--from crushing claws to flattened tails for swimming. And some of them adapted by getting so big that they still hold the record as the largest arthropods of all time.
3x11 - When We Tamed Fire
April 9, 2019
The ability to make and use fire has fundamentally changed the arc of our evolution. The bodies we have today were, in many ways, shaped by that time when we first tamed fire.
3x12 - The Mystery Behind the Biggest Bears of All Time
April 23, 2019
The short-faced bears turned out to be remarkably adaptable, undergoing radical changes to meet the demands of two changing continents. And yet, for reasons we don’t quite understand, their adaptability wasn’t enough to keep them from going extinct.
3x13 - The Croc That Ran on Hooves
May 1, 2019
In the Eocene Epoch, there was a reptile that had teeth equipped for biting through flesh, its hind legs were a lot longer than its front legs and instead of claws, its toes were each capped with hooves. How did this living nightmare come to evolve?
3x14 - When We Took Over the World
May 7, 2019
From our deepest origins in Africa all the way to the Americas, by looking at the fossils and archaeological materials we have been able to trace the path our ancestors took during thee short window of time when we took over the world.
3x15 - The Ghostly Origins of the Big Cats
May 16, 2019
All of today’s big cat species evolved less than 11 million years ago and yet their evolutionary history remains an almost total mystery. But scientists have recently discovered a major clue about the origins of the big cats, one that could provide a whole new starting place for solving this puzzle.
3x16 - The History of Climate Cycles (and the Woolly Rhino) Explained
May 30, 2019
Throughout the Pleistocene Epoch, the range of the woolly rhino grew and shrank in sync with global climate. So what caused the climate -- and the range of the woolly rhino -- to cycle back and forth between such extremes?
3x17 - The Hellacious Lives of the "Hell Pigs"
June 5, 2019
Despite the name, we don’t know where the so-called “hell pigs” belong in the mammalian family tree. They walked on hooves, like pigs do, but had longer legs, almost like deer. They had hunched backs, a bit like rhinos or bison. But as is often, if not always, the case, there is some evolutionary method to this anatomical madness.
3x18 - How Evolution Works (And How We Figured It Out)
June 11, 2019
As a scientific concept, evolution was revolutionary when it was first introduced. With the help of all three of our hosts and the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History’s new Deep Time Hall, we’ll try to explain how evolution actually works and how we came to understand it.
3x19 - When the Synapsids Struck Back
June 19, 2019
Synapsids were the world’s first-ever terrestrial megafauna but the vast majority of these giants were doomed to extinction. However some lived on, keeping a low profile among the dinosaurs. And now our world is the way it is because of the time when the synapsids struck back.
3x20 - When Ichthyosaurs Led a Revolution in the Seas
June 25, 2019
The marine reptiles Ichthyosaurs arose after The Great Dying, which wiped out at least 90 percent of life in the oceans, changing the seas forever and triggering a new evolutionary arms race between predator and prey.
3x21 - When We Met Other Human Species
July 9, 2019
We all belong to the only group of hominins on the planet today. But we weren’t always alone. 100,000 years ago, Eurasia was home to other hominin species, some of which we know our ancestors met, and spent some quality time with.
3x22 - How Volcanoes Froze the Earth (Twice)
July 17, 2019
Over 600 million years ago, sheets of ice coated our planet on both land and sea. How did this happen? And most importantly for us, why did the planet eventually thaw again? The evidence for Snowball Earth is written on every continent today.
3x23 - How Earth's First, Unkillable Animals Saved the World
July 30, 2019
They have survived every catastrophe and every mass extinction event that nature has thrown at them. And by being the little, filter-feeding, water-cleaning creatures that they are, sponges may have saved the world.
3x24 - When Giant Deer Roamed Eurasia
August 7, 2019
Megaloceros was one of the largest members of the deer family ever to walk the Earth. The archaeological record is full of evidence that our ancestors lived alongside and interacted with these giant mammals for millennia. But what happened when they did interact, when humans met this megafauna?
3x25 - Was This Dinosaur a Cannibal?
August 14, 2019
Paleontologists have spent the better part of two decades debating whether Coelophysis ate its own kind. It turns out, the evidence that scientists have had to study in order to answer that question includes some of the strangest and grossest fossils that any expert would ever get to see.
3x26 - The Missing Link That Wasn’t
August 21, 2019
The myth of the Missing Link--the idea that there must be a specimen that partly resembles an ape but also partly resembles a modern human--is persistent. But the reality is that there is no missing link in our lineage, because that’s not how evolution works.
3x27 - The Raptor That Made Us Rethink Dinosaurs
August 28, 2019
In 1964, a paleontologist named John Ostrom unearthed some fascinating fossils from the mudstone of Montana. Its discovery set the stage for what’s known today as the Dinosaur Renaissance, a total re-thinking of what we thought we knew about dinosaurs.
3x28 - When Bats Took Flight
September 11, 2019
Bats pretty much appear in the fossil record as recognizable, full-on, flying bats. And they show up on all of the continents, except Antarctica, around the same time. So where did bats come from? And which of the many weird features that bats have, showed up first?
3x29 - How Pterosaurs Got Their Wings
September 18, 2019
When pterosaurs first took flight, you could say that it marked the beginning of the end for the winged reptiles. Because, strangely enough, the power of flight -- and the changes that it led to -- may have ultimately led to their downfall.
3x30 - When Giant Lemurs Ruled Madagascar
September 25, 2019
Just a few thousand years ago, the island of Madagascar was inhabited by giant lemurs. How did such a diverse group of primates evolve in the first place, and how did they help shape the unique environments of Madagascar? And how did they get winnowed down, leaving only their smaller relatives behind?
3x31 - When Antarctica Was Green
October 3, 2019
Before the start of the Eocene Epoch about 56 million years ago--Antarctica was still joined to both Australia and South America. And it turns out that a lot of what we recognize about the southern hemisphere can be traced back to that time when Antarctica was green.
3x32 - The Case of the Dinosaur Egg Thief
October 16, 2019
Paleontologists found a small theropod dinosaur skull right on top of a nest of eggs that were believed to belong to a plant-eating dinosaur. Instead of being the nest robbers that they were originally thought to be, raptors like this one would reveal themselves to actually be caring parents.
3x33 - When Hobbits Were Real
October 22, 2019
Its discoverers named it Homo floresiensis, but it’s often called “the hobbit” for its short stature and oddly proportioned feet. And it’s been at the center of a major controversy in the field ever since. Was it its own species? Or was it really just one of us? Or, could it even have descended from a whole lineage of hominins that we don’t even know about?
3x34 - Were These Monsters Inspired by Fossils?
October 29, 2019
People have been discovering the traces and remains of prehistoric creatures for thousands of years. And they’ve also probably been telling stories about fantastic beasts since language became a thing. So, is it possible that the monsters that populate our myths and legends were influenced by the fossil record?
3x35 - How We Domesticated Cats (Twice)
November 6, 2019
A 9,500 year old burial in Cyprus represents some of the oldest known evidence of human/cat companionships anywhere in the world. But when did this close relationship between humans and cats start? And how did humans help cats take over the world?
3x36 - When Giant Hypercarnivores Prowled Africa
November 19, 2019
These hyaenodonts gave the world some of its largest terrestrial, carnivorous mammals ever known. And while these behemoths were the apex predators of their time, they were no match for a changing world.
3x37 - Why Male Mammoths Lost the Game
November 26, 2019
Woolly mammoths, our favorite ice age proboscidean, disappeared from Europe and North America at the end of the last ice age, about 10,000 years ago. Today, we’ve teamed up with TierZoo to solve one of the mysteries about these charismatic megafauna: why do most remains of mammoths found in the fossil record turn out to be male?
3x38 - The Forgotten Story of the Beardogs
December 12, 2019
Because of their strange combination of bear-like and dog-like traits, they’re sometimes confusingly called the beardogs. And even though you’ve never met one of these animals, the beardogs are key to understanding the history of an important branch of the mammal family tree.
3x39 - The Fuzzy Origins of the Giant Panda
December 17, 2019
How does a bear -- which is a member of the order Carnivora -- evolve into an herbivore? Despite how it looks, nothing about the history of the giant panda is black and white.

3x1 - When Humans Were Prey

3x2 - How Blood Evolved (Many Times)

3x3 - The Humans That Lived Before Us

3x4 - The Island of Shrinking Mammoths

3x5 - The Evolution of the Heart (A Love Story)

3x6 - How 7,000 Years of Epic Floods Changed the World

3x7 - The Island of Huge Hamsters and Giant Owls

3x8 - The Giant Bird That Got Lost in Time

3x9 - When We First Made Tools

3x10 - When Giant Scorpions Swarmed the Seas

3x11 - When We Tamed Fire

3x12 - The Mystery Behind the Biggest Bears of All Time

3x13 - The Croc That Ran on Hooves

3x14 - When We Took Over the World

3x15 - The Ghostly Origins of the Big Cats

3x16 - The History of Climate Cycles (and the Woolly Rhino) Explained

3x17 - The Hellacious Lives of the "Hell Pigs"

3x18 - How Evolution Works (And How We Figured It Out)

3x19 - When the Synapsids Struck Back

3x20 - When Ichthyosaurs Led a Revolution in the Seas

3x21 - When We Met Other Human Species

3x22 - How Volcanoes Froze the Earth (Twice)

3x23 - How Earth's First, Unkillable Animals Saved the World

3x24 - When Giant Deer Roamed Eurasia

3x25 - Was This Dinosaur a Cannibal?

3x26 - The Missing Link That Wasn’t

3x27 - The Raptor That Made Us Rethink Dinosaurs

3x28 - When Bats Took Flight

3x29 - How Pterosaurs Got Their Wings

3x30 - When Giant Lemurs Ruled Madagascar

3x31 - When Antarctica Was Green

3x32 - The Case of the Dinosaur Egg Thief

3x33 - When Hobbits Were Real

3x34 - Were These Monsters Inspired by Fossils?

3x35 - How We Domesticated Cats (Twice)

3x36 - When Giant Hypercarnivores Prowled Africa

3x37 - Why Male Mammoths Lost the Game

3x38 - The Forgotten Story of the Beardogs

3x39 - The Fuzzy Origins of the Giant Panda

S0: Specials

S1: Season 2017

S2: Season 2018

S3: Season 2019

S4: Season 2020

S5: Season 2021

S6: Season 2022