Biology Before Darwin

August 27, 2018

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Crash Course History of Science - S1 - E19

You’ve probably heard of Charles Darwin, but before we get to him, you really need to understand how different people, throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, tried to answer the same question: “what is life?”

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Crash Course History of Science: Season 1 - 46 Episode s

1x1 - Intro to History of Science
March 26, 2018
We've been asking big questions for a really long time and we've all wanted to explore how we've sought to answer those questions through the centuries. Questions like, "What is stuff?" and "Where are we?" have inspired people all over the world to investigate. So lets dive in and see how we, as a people, have tried to figure this stuff out in this first episode of Crash Course History of Science!
1x2 - The Presocratics
April 9, 2018
So, who was this Presocrates guy? Just kidding! Long ago, some philosophers worked very hard to separate myths from what they actually knew about nature. Thales theorized that everything in the world is made of water. Pythagoras was a mathematical-mystical vegetarian. And Democritus, we all know and love as the Atom Guy… Meet the Presocratics!
1x3 - Plato and Aristotle
April 16, 2018
Last week, we met the Presocratics: despite having by any reasonable standard invented science in Europe, these thinkers are lumped together today as simply “not Socrates.” So who was this smarty pants? In this episode Hank talks to us about Socrates and his two important students, Plato and Aristotle.
1x4 - India
April 25, 2018
You might have recognized the names of some of the Greek natural philosophers. They were individuals with quirky theories, and we have records about them. But they weren’t the only people making knowledge back in the day. Today, Hank takes us to India to talk Vedas, Maurya Empires, and some really good doctoring.
1x5 - The Americas and Time Keeping
April 30, 2018
In this episode of Crash Course History of Science, we travel to the Americas to ask the question, "When are we?" and get some answers. We'll look at the Maya, Inca, and Olmec civilizations and how they recorded their science.
1x6 - Roman Engineering
May 7, 2018
The Romans developed a lot of infrastructure like roads and aqueducts to both help their cities flourish and to... you know... be better at war. But the interesting thing about Roman Engineering is how it was almost all focused on Techne and not Episteme. In this episode of Crash Course History of Science, Hank takes us down the road of road building, domes, and some really cool cement.
1x7 - The Medieval Islamicate World
May 14, 2018
The religion of Islam significantly influenced knowledge-making in the greater Mediterranean and western Asian world. Islamicate scholars—meaning people influenced by Islamic civilization, regardless of their religious views—gave us terms such as “algebra,” “azimuth,” “algorithm,” “alcohol,” “alkali,” and “alembic.” We’ll dive into Islamic medicine and philosophers such as the great Persian polymath Ibn Sina in future episodes. For now, let’s explore the beginnings of Islamicate natural philosophy. It's really cool, you guys!
1x8 - Medieval China
May 21, 2018
Like Egypt, Sumer, and Mesoamerica, ancient China represents a hydraulic civilization—one that maintained its population by diverting rivers to aid in irrigation—and one that developed writing thousands of years ago. Today, we’re going to focus on the time of the Northern and Southern Song Dynasties, a time of great technical innovation. But, before we get to the Song, let’s take a tour through the ages and explore key elements of Chinese scientific culture.
1x9 - Ancient & Medieval Medicine
June 4, 2018
The history of medicine is about two of our big questions: one, what is life? What makes it so special, so fragile, so… goopy!? Two, how do we know what we know? Why should I take my doctor’s advice? Why are deep-fried Oreos bad for me? It may be tempting to look at medicine as a science that has simply progressed over time—that medicine used to be bad, and its history is a story of how it got better.
1x10 - Alchemy
June 11, 2018
In fantasy stories, charlatans in fancy robes promise to turn lead into gold. But real alchemists weren’t just mystical misers. They were skilled experimentalists, backed by theories of matter. And they played a huge role in the development of knowledge about one of our fundamental questions: “what is stuff?”
1x11 - Cathedrals and Universities
June 25, 2018
Until roughly 1100, there were relatively few places of knowledge-making. Monasteries and abbeys had special rooms called scriptoria where monks copied manuscripts by hand. But the biggest places where knowledge was made were the Gothic cathedrals. Then Universities came along, too. This is the story of those two institutions!
1x12 - The Scientific Revolution
July 2, 2018
So, what exactly is a scientific revolution? And are they more than just moments in time Historians use to mark the beginning and ending of things through time? In this episode we'll look into some ideas and people named Nick and how they fit into science and the search to understand ourselves and our place in the universe.
1x13 - The New Astronomy
July 9, 2018
This week on Crash Course: History of the Scientific Revolution—astronomical anomalies accrued. Meanwhile, in Denmark—an eccentric rich dude constructed not one but two science castles! And his humble German assistant synthesized a lot of new, old, and bold astronomical ideas into a single sun-centered, eccentricity-positive system…
1x14 - The Scientific Methods
July 16, 2018
Historically speaking, there is no one scientific method. There’s more than one way to make knowledge. In this episode we're going to look at a few of those ways and how they became more of the "norm."
1x15 - The New Anatomy
July 23, 2018
There’s a question to consider that’s pretty daunting: what is life? And to try to answer that question, three tools stand out as being especially useful: A book, some experiments, and the microscope! In this episode, Hank talks to us about all kinds of gross things! It's fun!
1x16 - The Columbian Exchange
August 6, 2018
Over the last four episodes, we’ve examined some of the stories that make up the idea of a “revolution” in knowledge-making in Europe. But we can’t understand this idea fully, without unpacking another one—the so called Age of Exploration. This encompasses a lot of events that happened from 1400 through the 1600s and were driven in part by new ideas about knowledge-making.
1x17 - Newton and Leibniz
August 14, 2018
The standard story of the Scientific Revolution culminates with the long life of one man: Sir Isaac Newton—a humble servant of the Royal Mint, two-time parliamentarian, and a scientific titan whose name, along with Einstein’s, is synonymous with physics today.
1x18 - The New Chemistry
August 20, 2018
One of the problems with the whole idea of a single Scientific Revolution is that some disciplines decided not to join any revolution. And others just took a long time to get there.
1x19 - Biology Before Darwin
August 27, 2018
You’ve probably heard of Charles Darwin, but before we get to him, you really need to understand how different people, throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, tried to answer the same question: “what is life?”
1x20 - Earth Science
September 10, 2018
It's Earth Science time!!!! In this field, natural philosophers were asking questions like, what’s up with fossils? Are they the remains of extinct organisms? Or are they so-called “sports of nature”—rocks that just happen to look like living things but don’t /mean/ anything? And most importantly, how old is… everything?
1x21 - The Industrial Revolution
September 25, 2018
You probably know some of the signs of industrialization in the nineteenth century: Trains connected cities, symbolizing progress. But they also brought about the destruction of rural lands, divisions between social classes, and rapid urbanization. But there's a whole lot more to talk about in this episode of History of Science!
1x22 - Darwin and Natural Selection
October 1, 2018
"Survival of the Fittest" sounds like a great WWE show but today we're talking about that phrase as it relates to Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace. Darwin and Wallace are at the heart of understanding evolution and natural selection. Today, Hank talks about their wonderful (if not seasick inducing) trips around the world.
1x23 - Eugenics and Francis Galton
October 8, 2018
After Darwin blew the doors off the scientific community, a lot of people did some weird and unscientific stuff with his ideas. Francis Galton and a few others decided natural selection could be used to make the human race "better" and came up with Eugenics.
1x24 - Micro-Biology
October 15, 2018
It's all about the SUPER TINY in this episode of Crash Course: History of Science. In it, Hank Green talks about germ theory, John Snow (the other one), pasteurization, and why following our senses isn't always the worst idea.
1x25 - Genetics - Lost and Found
October 22, 2018
Sometimes trail blazers of science aren't famous like Darwin or Pasteur. Sometimes they're humble Abbots, just growing peas in the back of their Abbey. This is the story of Gregor Mendel and how his work was done, lost, then found again.
1x26 - Thermodynamics
October 29, 2018
It's time to heat things up! LITERALLY! It's time for Hank to talk about the history of Thermodynamics!!! It's messy and there are a lot of people who came up with some ideas that worked and other that didn't and then some ideas that should have come first actually were figured out second.
1x27 - Electricity
November 5, 2018
The study of electricity goes all the way back to antiquity. But, by the time electricity started to become more well known, a few familiar names started to appear. Edison, Galvani, and a few others really changed the way the world worked.
1x28 - Ford, Cars, and a New Revolution
November 12, 2018
Historians love to debate each other. So some of them pointed out that the first half of this revolution looks a lot different from the second. Let's chat about industry, cars, and Henry Ford.
1x29 - Cinema, Radio, and Television
November 26, 2018
Radio, Cinema, and Television have been staples in news coverage, entertainment, and education for almost 100 years. But... where did they all come from? Who started what and when and why? In this episode, Hank Green talks to us about their birth and a dead elephant.
1x30 - The Mind/Brain
December 3, 2018
Scientists in the nineteenth century discovered a lot about life and matter. But exactly what kind of stuff is the human brain? That one was—and is—tricky. The brain sciences—with experiments and therapies tied to biological theories of the body—emerged in the nineteenth century and came into their own in the early twentieth.
1x31 - Marie Curie and Spooky Rays
December 17, 2018
It's time to talk about one of the most awesome scientists that has ever been awesome: Marie Curie. She figured out ways to get an amazing education despite the limitations of her homeland, discovered some really important answers to the question "what is stuff?", and she helped other people (like her husband) complete their own studies and discoveries. Did I say she was awesome yet? SHE WAS AWESOME!
1x32 - Einstein's Revolution
January 7, 2019
There was physics before Einstein in the same way that there was biology before Darwin. Einstein didn’t just add some new ideas to physics. And he didn’t just add a unifying framework for doing physics, like Newton. Einstein took what people thought was physics, turned it upside down, then turned it inside out.
1x33 - The Atomic Bomb
January 14, 2019
The story picks up where we left off last time, with Einstein writing the president of his new homeland, the United States, urging him to build a nuclear weapon before Hitler. This is the tale of the most destructive force humans have ever unleashed. The Atomic Bomb.
1x34 - Biomedicine
January 21, 2019
The history of science up until the Cold War is often overshadowed by the Manhattan Project. But, today we are going to talk about advances in biomedicine, or healthcare based on a biological understanding of human bodies and diseases.
1x35 - Genetics and The Modern Synthesis
February 4, 2019
Remember how Darwin and Mendel lived around the same time, but everyone forgot about Mendel until 1900, and even then biologists saw Darwinism and Mendelism as two competing grand theories about how life works? Well, in this episode of Crash Course History of Science, we're going to bring everything together into a new Modern Biology!
1x36 - The Computer and Turing
February 11, 2019
Computers and computing have changed a lot over the History of Science but ESPECIALLY over the last 100 years. In this episode of Crash Course History of Science, we have a look at that history around World War Two and how that conflict forced changes in computing.
1x37 - Air Travel and The Space Race
February 18, 2019
Like the Industrial or the Einsteinian Revolution, the Space Race is a trope, or way of organizing historical events into a story that makes sense. In this story, the two great powers that emerged after World War Two—the United States and Soviet Union—competed to send communications satellites, dogs, and people into outer space…
1x38 - Ecology
February 25, 2019
We’ve explored the origins of modern biology, the earth sciences, and even the sciences of outer space. Now it’s time to put these disciplines together. It's Ecology time!!!
1x39 - Controlling the Environment
March 4, 2019
Well, it wouldn't be too long after we started developing Ecology that we would try to control the environment. In some ways this was helpful and likely prevented a lot of people from starving. But, there have been a few downsides.
1x40 - Biotechnology
March 18, 2019
The history of discovering what DNA is, what it looks like, and how it works is... complicated. But, in this episode of History of Science, Hank Green does his best to lay out the basics so we can understand the beginnings of Biotechnology.
1x41 - Bodies and Dollars
March 25, 2019
After World War Two, the applications of basic discoveries in biology took off—and became big business. Today, we’ll look at the rise of Big Pharma and GMO foods. We’ll also discuss how life-science technologies fundamentally changed reproduction: it’s time to invent In Vitro Fertilization and clone a sheep!
1x42 - The Century of the Gene
April 1, 2019
With the question “What is life?” addressed at the molecular level, humanity could finally cure all disease and live forever… Except, not really. It turns out we're complicated.
1x43 - The Internet and Computing
April 8, 2019
We’ve talked a lot about advances in biotech. But none of those could have happened without advances in computing. It’s time to get back to data and explore the unlikely birth, strange life, and potential futures of the Internet. In this episode of Crash Course History of Science, Hank sits down to talk about how computers have changed, where they're going, and how the internet fits into all of this.
1x44 - Life and Longevity
April 15, 2019
It's time to have a look at the future of human life and how technology could possibly extend longevity. But, within that tech, are questions of ethics that are not always at the top of mind when the tech is being developed. In this episode, Hank sits down to chat about CRISPR and the science of Human longevity.
1x45 - Climate Science
April 22, 2019
Scientists tend to be careful and resistant to big claims. So evidence for the possible end of the living world took a while to be seen as such. In this episode of Crash Course History of Science, Hank talks to us about where Climate Science started and how it works today.
1x46 - The Limits of History
April 29, 2019
It's the final episode of our History of Science series and we thought it would be good to talk a little about some of the people we couldn't get to and some of the reasons we need to talk about diversity in scientists. Thanks for the journey, everyone!

1x1 - Intro to History of Science

1x2 - The Presocratics

1x3 - Plato and Aristotle

1x4 - India

1x5 - The Americas and Time Keeping

1x6 - Roman Engineering

1x7 - The Medieval Islamicate World

1x8 - Medieval China

1x9 - Ancient & Medieval Medicine

1x10 - Alchemy

1x11 - Cathedrals and Universities

1x12 - The Scientific Revolution

1x13 - The New Astronomy

1x14 - The Scientific Methods

1x15 - The New Anatomy

1x16 - The Columbian Exchange

1x17 - Newton and Leibniz

1x18 - The New Chemistry

1x19 - Biology Before Darwin

1x20 - Earth Science

1x21 - The Industrial Revolution

1x22 - Darwin and Natural Selection

1x23 - Eugenics and Francis Galton

1x24 - Micro-Biology

1x25 - Genetics - Lost and Found

1x26 - Thermodynamics

1x27 - Electricity

1x28 - Ford, Cars, and a New Revolution

1x29 - Cinema, Radio, and Television

1x30 - The Mind/Brain

1x31 - Marie Curie and Spooky Rays

1x32 - Einstein's Revolution

1x33 - The Atomic Bomb

1x34 - Biomedicine

1x35 - Genetics and The Modern Synthesis

1x36 - The Computer and Turing

1x37 - Air Travel and The Space Race

1x38 - Ecology

1x39 - Controlling the Environment

1x40 - Biotechnology

1x41 - Bodies and Dollars

1x42 - The Century of the Gene

1x43 - The Internet and Computing

1x44 - Life and Longevity

1x45 - Climate Science

1x46 - The Limits of History

S0: Specials

S1: History of Science