Locke, Berkeley, & Empiricism

March 15, 2016

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Crash Course Philosophy - S1 - E6

This week we answer skeptics like Descartes with empiricism. Hank explains John Locke’s primary and secondary qualities and why George Berkeley doesn’t think that distinction works -- leaving us with literally nothing but our minds, ideas, and perceptions.

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Crash Course Philosophy: Season 1 - 46 Episode s

1x1 - What is Philosophy?
February 8, 2016
Today Hank begins to teach you about Philosophy by discussing the historical origins of philosophy in ancient Greece, and its three main divisions: metaphysics, epistemology, and value theory. He will also introduce logic, and how you’re going to use it to understand and critically evaluate a whole host of different worldviews throughout this course. And also, hopefully, the rest of your life.
1x2 - How to Argue - Philosophical Reasoning
February 16, 2016
Before we dive into the big questions of philosophy, you need to know how to argue properly. We’ll start with an overview of philosophical reasoning and breakdown of how deductive arguments work (and sometimes don’t work).
1x3 - How to Argue - Induction & Abduction
February 22, 2016
We continue our look at philosophical reasoning by introducing two more types: induction and abduction. Hank explains their strengths and weaknesses, as well as counterarguments and the Socratic method.
1x4 - Leonardo DiCaprio & The Nature of Reality
February 29, 2016
Today Hank gains insight from that most philosophical of figures...Leonardo DiCaprio. In this episode, we’re talking about the process of philosophical discovery and questioning the relationship between appearance and reality by taking a look at Plato’s famous Myth of the Cave. All with a little help from our good pal Leo.
1x5 - Cartesian Skepticism - Neo, Meet Rene
March 7, 2016
This week Hank introduces skepticism, exploring everything from the nature of reality through the eyes of a 17th century philosopher and, of course, The Matrix.
1x6 - Locke, Berkeley, & Empiricism
March 15, 2016
This week we answer skeptics like Descartes with empiricism. Hank explains John Locke’s primary and secondary qualities and why George Berkeley doesn’t think that distinction works -- leaving us with literally nothing but our minds, ideas, and perceptions.
1x7 - The Meaning of Knowledge
March 21, 2016
On today’s episode...CATS. Also: Hank talks about some philosophy stuff, like a few of the key concepts philosophers use when discussing belief and knowledge, such as what defines an assertion and a proposition, and that belief is a kind of propositional attitude. Hank also discusses forms of justification and the traditional definition of knowledge, which Edmund Gettier just totally messed with, using his Gettier cases. Many thanks to Index the cat for his patience in the filming of this episode.
1x8 - Karl Popper, Science, & Pseudoscience
March 28, 2016
The early 1900s was an amazing time for Western science, as Albert Einstein was developing his theories of relativity and psychology was born, as Sigmund Freud and psychoanalysis took over the scientific mainstream. Karl Popper observed these developments firsthand and came to draw a distinction between what he referred to as science and pseudoscience, which might best be summarized as science disconfirms, while pseudoscience confirms. While the way we describe these disciplines has changed in the intervening years, Popper’s ideas speak to the heart of how we arrive at knowledge.
1x9 - Anselm & the Argument for God
April 4, 2016
Today we are introducing a new area of philosophy – philosophy of religion. We are starting this unit off with Anselm’s argument for God’s existence, while also considering objections to that argument.
1x10 - Aquinas & the Cosmological Arguments
April 11, 2016
Our unit on the philosophy of religion and the existence of god continues with Thomas Aquinas. Today, we consider his first four arguments: the cosmological arguments.
1x11 - Intelligent Design
April 25, 2016
Last week we introduced Thomas Aquinas’s four cosmological arguments for the existence of god; today we introduce his fifth argument: the teleological argument, and the ensuing dialogue it initiated.
1x12 - What Is God Like?
May 2, 2016
Today we are moving on from the existence of God to look at the philosophical debate surrounding the traditional divine attributes - omnipotence, omniscience, omnitemporality, and omnibenevolence. We are exploring the puzzles that these attributes create as well as some possible solutions to those puzzles, from Aquinas’ ideas of analogical predication, to the work of Eleanor Stump.
1x13 - The Problem of Evil
May 9, 2016
After weeks of exploring the existence of nature of god, today Hank explores one of the biggest problems in theism, and possibly the biggest philosophical question humanity faces: why is there evil?
1x14 - Anti-Vaxxers, Conspiracy Theories, & Epistemic Responsibility
May 16, 2016
Today we explore what obligations we hold with our personal beliefs. Hank explains epistemic responsibility and the issues it raises with everything from religious belief, to ship owning, to vaccinations.
1x15 - Indiana Jones & Pascal's Wager
May 23, 2016
Today we conclude our unit on Philosophy of Religion and Hank gets a little help from Indiana Jones to explain religious pragmatism and Pascal’s Wager, fideism, and Kierkegaard’s leap to faith.
1x16 - Existentialism
June 6, 2016
Now that we’ve left behind the philosophy of religion, it’s time to start exploring what other ways might exist to find meaning in the world. Today we explore essentialism and its response: existentialism. We’ll also learn about Jean-Paul Sartre and his ideas about how to find meaning in a meaningless world.
1x17 - Perspectives on Death
June 13, 2016
Today we are talking about death, looking at philosophical approaches from Socrates, Epicurus, and Zhuangzi. We will consider whether it’s logical to fear your own death, or the deaths of your loved ones. Hank also discusses Thomas Nagel, death, and Fear of Missing Out.
1x18 - Batman & Identity
June 20, 2016
Hank explores different ways of understanding identity – including the Indiscernibility of Identicals, and essential and accidental properties. In what ways does affect identity? In what ways does it not? What does it mean for a thing to persist over time?
1x19 - Personal Identity
June 27, 2016
Today Hank is building on last week’s exploration of identity to focus on personal identity. Does it in reside in your body? Is it in the collective memories of your consciousness? There are, of course, strengths and weaknesses to both of these ideas, and that’s what we’re talking about today.
1x20 - Arguments Against Personal Identity
July 11, 2016
How can Daenerys Targaryen help us understand personal identity? Find out as Hank continues our exploration of personal identity, learning about Hume’s bundle theory and Parfit’s theory of survival through psychological connectedness.
1x21 - Personhood
July 25, 2016
Now that we’ve started talking about identity, today Hank tackles the question of personhood. Philosophers have tried to assess what constitutes personhood with a variety of different criteria, including genetic, cognitive, social, sentience, and the gradient theory. As with many of philosophy’s great questions, this has much broader implications than simple conjecture. The way we answer this question informs all sorts of things about the way we move about the world, including our views on some of our greatest social debates.
1x22 - Where Does Your Mind Reside?
August 1, 2016
Today we continue our unit on identity by asking where the mind resides. Hank explains the mind-body problem and several approaches to the question of where our minds reside, including reductive physicalism, substance dualism, and mysterianism.
1x23 - Artificial Intelligence & Personhood
August 8, 2016
Today Hank explores artificial intelligence, including weak AI and strong AI, and the various ways that thinkers have tried to define strong AI including the Turing Test, and John Searle’s response to the Turing Test, the Chinese Room. Hank also tries to figure out one of the more personally daunting questions yet: is his brother John a robot?
1x24 - Determinism vs Free Will
August 15, 2016
Do we really have free will? Today Hank explores possible answers to that question, explaining theories like libertarian free will and its counterpoint, hard determinism.
1x25 - Compatibilism
August 22, 2016
As we continue explore free will, today Hank considers a middle ground between hard determinism and libertarian free will: compatibilism. This view seeks to find ways that our internally motivated actions can be understood as free in a deterministic world. We’ll also cover Frankfurt Cases and Patricia Churchland’s rejection of the free-or-not-free dichotomy and her focus on the amount of control we have over our actions.
1x26 - Language & Meaning
August 29, 2016
Today we start our unit on language with a discussion of meaning and how we assign and understand meaning. We’ll cover sense and reference, beetles in boxes, and language games. We’re also getting into the meaning-making game ourselves: bananas are now chom-choms. Pass it on.
1x27 - Netflix & Chill
September 12, 2016
Last week we talked about language and meaning. Today, Hank explores some of the things that complicate meaning and how we get around that. We’ll explain conversational implicature, the cooperative principle, and the four main maxims of successful communication, as laid out by Paul Grice, as well as performative utterances.
1x28 - How Words Can Harm
September 19, 2016
Content warning: today’s episode contains language that some viewers might find upsetting and that may not be viewable in all settings. We’ve talked about how language works and how powerful it can be. Sometimes, that power can be harmful. Today, Hank explains the use/mention distinction, the difference between dirty words and hate speech, as well as thick concepts and metaphorical identification.
1x29 - Nonexistent Objects & Imaginary Worlds
September 27, 2016
Today we transition between units on language and aesthetics with a discussion of nonexistent and imaginary objects. Is it possible to make true assertions about things that aren’t real? We’ll explore Meinong’s Jungle and the concept of a universe of discourse.
1x30 - Aesthetic Appreciation
October 3, 2016
Today we are talking about art and aesthetic appreciation. What makes something an artwork? Can art really be defined? Is aesthetic value objective or subjective? Can taste be developed? How?
1x31 - Aesthetics
October 17, 2016
How do art and morality intersect? Today we look at an ethically questionable work of art and discuss R. G. Collingwood’s view that art is best when it helps us live better lives. We’ll go over Aristotle’s concept of catharsis and how it can resolve the problem of tragedy. We are also exploring the paradox of fiction and the debate between autonomism and moralism.
1x32 - Metaethics
October 25, 2016
We begin our unit on ethics with a look at metaethics. Hank explains three forms of moral realism – moral absolutism, and cultural relativism, including the difference between descriptive and normative cultural relativism – and moral subjectivism, which is a form of moral antirealism. Finally, we’ll introduce the concept of an ethical theory.
1x33 - Divine Command Theory
October 31, 2016
As we venture into the world of ethics, there are a lot of different answers to the grounding problem for us to explore. One of the oldest and most popular is the divine command theory. But with age comes a long history of questions, too, such as the dilemma presented by Plato known as the Euthyphro Problem.
1x34 - Natural Law Theory
November 7, 2016
Our exploration of ethical theories continues with another theistic answer to the grounding problem: natural law theory. Thomas Aquinas’s version of this theory says that we all seek out what’s known as the basic goods and argued that instinct and reason come together to point us to the natural law. There are, of course, objections to this theory – in particular, the is-ought problem advanced by David Hume.
1x35 - Kant & Categorical Imperatives
November 14, 2016
Our next stop on our tour of ethics is Kant’s ethics. Today Hank explains hypothetical and categorical imperatives, the universalizability principle, autonomy, and what it means to treat people as ends-in-themselves, rather than as mere means.
1x36 - Utilitarianism
November 21, 2016
Our next stop in our tour of the ethical lay of the land is utilitarianism. With a little help from Batman, Hank explains the principle of utility, and the difference between act and rule utilitarianism.
1x37 - Contractarianism
November 28, 2016
Today we explore the penultimate ethical theory in this unit: contractarianism. Hank explains Hobbes’ state of nature, implicit and explicit contracts, as well as the Prisoner’s Dilemma, and the benefits, and costs, of violating contracts.
1x38 - Aristotle & Virtue Theory
December 5, 2016
This week we explore the final ethical theory in this unit: Aristotle’s virtue theory. Hank explains the Golden Mean, and how it exists as the midpoint between vices of excess and deficiency. We’ll also discuss moral exemplars, and introduce the concept of “eudaimonia.”
1x39 - Moral Luck
December 12, 2016
Can two people who make the same bad decision bear different levels of moral responsibility? Today, we try to address this question with the concept of moral luck. Hank explains the difference between moral and causal responsibility and the reasons we assign praise and blame.
1x40 - What Is Justice?
December 19, 2016
In today’s episode, Hank asks you to consider all the ways people talk about justice and what we really mean when we use that word. We’ll explain various theories of justice, just distribution, and different approaches to punishment.
1x41 - Discrimination
January 10, 2017
Is it OK to discriminate? Do you do it? Is it always wrong or are there cases where it can be acceptable? Today we’re talking through several tricky cases and different philosophical perspectives on this issue.
1x42 - Non-Human Animals
January 16, 2017
Today we are taking all the things we have learned this year about doing philosophy and applying that to moral considerations regarding non-human animals. We’ll explore what philosophers like Peter Singer and Carl Cohen have to say about their use, including the concept of equal consideration of interests.
1x43 - Family Obligations
January 23, 2017
Today we are investigating our moral obligations to our parents and our families. Do we owe our parents anything as adults? Would it be a good idea to license parents? We’ll explore these questions as well as the ethics of care, and some potential problems that type of approach to morality carries with it.
1x44 - Poverty & Our Response to It
January 30, 2017
We’re picking up where we left off last time, exploring the “ethics of care” and how it applies to extreme poverty. Are we responding to global poverty in a moral way? Philosophers like Peter Singer argue that we have an obligation to prevent harm caused by poverty, whereas Garrett Hardin offers a “lifeboat analogy” to explain our obligations to focus on caring for our own.
1x45 - Assisted Death & the Value of Life
February 6, 2017
As we wrap up Crash Course Philosophy, we’re using the things we’ve learned to explore big issues like the value of life. Today, we’re discussing abortions in cases of fetal abnormality, assisted suicide, and euthanasia. We will consider the standard of substituted judgment and the values people hold on both sides of these issues—values about the sacredness of life, and the importance of a life of quality, as well as the values of personal liberty and avoiding pain.
1x46 - What Is a Good Life?
February 13, 2017
In our final episode of Crash Course Philosophy, we consider what it means to live a good life. We’ll look at the myth of Sisyphus, Robert Nozick’s experience machine, Aristotle’s eudaimonistic picture of a good human life, and the existentialists’ view that we each determine the value of our own lives. And we’ll think about how you, too, can live the life of a philosopher.

1x1 - What is Philosophy?

1x2 - How to Argue - Philosophical Reasoning

1x3 - How to Argue - Induction & Abduction

1x4 - Leonardo DiCaprio & The Nature of Reality

1x5 - Cartesian Skepticism - Neo, Meet Rene

1x6 - Locke, Berkeley, & Empiricism

1x7 - The Meaning of Knowledge

1x8 - Karl Popper, Science, & Pseudoscience

1x9 - Anselm & the Argument for God

1x10 - Aquinas & the Cosmological Arguments

1x11 - Intelligent Design

1x12 - What Is God Like?

1x13 - The Problem of Evil

1x14 - Anti-Vaxxers, Conspiracy Theories, & Epistemic Responsibility

1x15 - Indiana Jones & Pascal's Wager

1x16 - Existentialism

1x17 - Perspectives on Death

1x18 - Batman & Identity

1x19 - Personal Identity

1x20 - Arguments Against Personal Identity

1x21 - Personhood

1x22 - Where Does Your Mind Reside?

1x23 - Artificial Intelligence & Personhood

1x24 - Determinism vs Free Will

1x25 - Compatibilism

1x26 - Language & Meaning

1x27 - Netflix & Chill

1x28 - How Words Can Harm

1x29 - Nonexistent Objects & Imaginary Worlds

1x30 - Aesthetic Appreciation

1x31 - Aesthetics

1x32 - Metaethics

1x33 - Divine Command Theory

1x34 - Natural Law Theory

1x35 - Kant & Categorical Imperatives

1x36 - Utilitarianism

1x37 - Contractarianism

1x38 - Aristotle & Virtue Theory

1x39 - Moral Luck

1x40 - What Is Justice?

1x41 - Discrimination

1x42 - Non-Human Animals

1x43 - Family Obligations

1x44 - Poverty & Our Response to It

1x45 - Assisted Death & the Value of Life

1x46 - What Is a Good Life?

S0: Specials

S1: Philosophy