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PBS Space Time
Season 2024
Episode 31

The NEW Ultimate Energy Limit of the Universe

December 5, 2024

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PBS Space Time - S2024 - E31

Is there a limit to how much energy you can cram into, or pull out of one patch of space? Well, we thought so, but the James Webb Space Telescope has found a quasar that simultaneously breaks a century-old theoretical limit and may explain the conundrum of gigantic black holes in the early universe.

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PBS Space Time: Season 2024 - 33 Episode s

2024x1 - Can Cosmic Voids Solve The Crisis in Cosmology?
January 10, 2024
Two of the greatest mysteries in cosmology are the nature of dark energy and the apparent conflict in our measurements of the expansion rate of the early versus the modern universe that even dark energy can’t account for. Could both of these be explained by looking to a part of the universe that we’ve largely ignored so far? Could cosmic voids be driving the universe?
2024x2 - Does Antimatter Create Anti-Gravity?
January 17, 2024
From hoverboards to flying cars to cloud cities, anti-gravity is a staple of science fiction and our dream of a less Earth-bound future. But in the real universe gravity appears to be a purely attractive force. Feels like its main MO is keeping us stuck to the surface of this lonely rock. But maybe if we science hard enough we can remove the fiction from science fiction. For the sake of our flying cars we should at least try. And for many years, physicists have wondered whether a certain well-known exotic material may experience gravitational repulsion from the Earth. That material is antimatter, and physicists at CERN have just completed a very long and very difficult experiment to answer a seemingly simple question: does antimatter fall down, or does it fall up?
2024x3 - Did JWST Solve The Mystery of Supermassive Black Hole Origins?
February 14, 2024
This is what we astronomers call a blob, or a smudge, if you want to get really technical. It may not look like much from here, but what do you expect for something near the literal edge of the observable universe. If you were there when this light was emitted, you’d A. be at the beginning of time, and B. be looking at an entire galaxy containing an enormous black hole at its heart. It’s the most distant black hole we’ve semi-directly detected. That’s cool enough on its own, but as an added bonus this one smudge may have solved the mystery of the origin of the supermassive black holes in our universe.
2024x4 - What if Singularities DO NOT Exist?
February 22, 2024
It's not too often that a giant of physics threatens to overturn an idea held to be self-evident by generations of physicists. Well, that may be the fate of the famous Penrose Singularity Theorem if we're to believe a recent paper by Roy Kerr. Long story short, the terrible singularity at the heart of the black hole may be no more.
2024x5 - EMP Attack: The Real Science of Electromagnetic Pulse
February 29, 2024
EMPs aren’t science fiction. Real militaries are experimenting on real EMP generators, and as Starfish Prime showed us, space nukes can send powerful EMPs to the surface. So what exactly is an EMP, and how dangerous are they?
2024x6 - Dark Forest: Should We NOT Contact Aliens?
March 14, 2024
In 1974 we sent the Arecibo radio message towards Messier 13, a globular cluster near the edge of the Milky Way, made up of a few hundred thousand stars. The message was mostly symbolic; we weren’t really expecting a reply. Yet surely other civilisations out there are doing the same thing. So, why haven’t we heard anything? What if the silence from the stars is a hint that we shouldn’t be so outgoing? What if aliens are deliberately keeping quiet for fear that they might be destroyed?
2024x7 - Does Space Emerge From A Holographic Boundary?
March 21, 2024
Space seems fundamental. To build a universe, surely you need something to build it on or in. Many, maybe most physicists now think that the fabric of space emerges from something deeper. And perhaps the most existentially disturbing such proposal is that our 3-D universe is just the inward projection of an infinitely distant boundary. A hologram, or sorts. Let’s see how that can actually work, and what the holographic principle really says about the “realness” of this universe.
2024x8 - What If Gravity is NOT A Fundamental Force? | Entropic Gravity
March 28, 2024
There are four fundamental forces - the strong and weak nuclear forces, electromagnetism, and gravity. Except maybe gravity is no more fundamental than the force of a stretched elastic band. Maybe gravity is just an entropic byproduct—an emergent effect of the universe’s tendency to disorder. If you allow entropy to keep you in your seat for a bit, I’ll tell you all about it.
2024x9 - How Eclipses Revealed Our Solar System
April 6, 2024
Of all the astronomical phenomena you can witness, the total solar eclipse has to be the most visceral--the most in-your-face reminder that our reality consists of giant balls of rock spinning around stars. It's also the eclipse and phenomena like it that set us on the path to understanding that reality in the first place.
2024x10 - Why Is The World Rushing Back To The Moon?
April 18, 2024
The Moon has been one of the most important theoretical stepping stones to our understanding of the universe. We’ve long understood that it could also be our literal stepping stone: humanity’s first destination beyond our atmosphere.
2024x11 - What Happens If You Jump Into A Black Hole?
May 1, 2024
Meet Alice and Bob, famous explorers of the abstract landscape of theoretical physics. Heroes of the gerdankenexperiment—the thought experiment—whose life mission is to find contradictions in the deepest layers of our theories. Today our intrepid pair are jumping into a black hole. Again. Why? Well, to determine the fundamental structure of spacetime and its connection to quantum entanglement of course.
2024x12 - Interstellar Expansion WITHOUT Faster Than Light Travel
May 16, 2024
In the far future we may have advanced propulsion technologies like matter-antimatter engines and compact fusion drives that allow humans to travel to other stars on timescales shorter than their own lives. But what if those technologies never materialize? Are we imprisoned by the vastness of space—doomed to remain in the solar system of our origin? Perhaps not. A possible path to a contemporary cosmic dream may just be to build a ship which can support human life for several generations; a so-called generation ship.
2024x13 - Can Black Holes Unify General Relativity & Quantum Mechanics?
May 24, 2024
Black holes are inevitable predictions of general relativity—our best theory of space, time and gravity. But they clash in multiple ways with quantum mechanics, our equally successful description of the subatomic world. One such clash is the black hole information paradox—and a proposed solution—black hole complementarity—may forced us to radically rethink what it even means to say that something to exists.
2024x14 - How Supernovas Act as Universe’s Largest Particle Accelerators
May 30, 2024
Cern's Large Hadron Collider routinely collides particles at energies equivalent to a fraction of a second after the Big Bang. If this worries you, then the following fact will either put you at ease or scare the hell out of you. And that's that a particle with the energy of an LHC collision hits every square kilometer of the Earth every single second. And we only relatively recently figured out where these cosmic rays are coming from.
2024x15 - Is It IMPOSSIBLE To Cross The Event Horizon? | Black Hole Firewall Paradox
June 13, 2024
So you’ve decided to jump into a black hole. Good news: as long as the black hole is big enough you can sail through the event horizon without harm and get to experience the interior of the black hole before you’re annihilated by the central singularity. Or so we once thought. These days, quite a few physicists believe that the only way to avoid horrible contradictions in fundamental physics generated by black holes is for all them to be surrounded by screens of extreme energy that prevent anything from ever entering the event horizon. Sounds outlandish? Welcome to black holes. So let’s find out why many of our most brilliant physicists take these black hole firewalls deadly seriously.
2024x16 - Will The Sun’s Magnetic Field Flip This Year?
June 20, 2024
Solar activity is still increasing in a sunspot cycle that is proving way more intense than scientists predicted. Just how much stronger is it going to get?
2024x17 - Can a Particle Be Neither Matter Nor Force?
June 27, 2024
All particles belong to two large groups: fermions like protons and electrons make everything we consider "matter", while bosons like photons and gluons transmit the fundamental forces. And that about covers the universe: matter moving through space and time under the action of forces. But what if we could create particles in between these two possibilities. Physics says these neither matter nor force anyons can exist, and they may have some pretty incredible uses. They’re called anyons.
2024x18 - How To Detect Faster Than Light Travel
July 18, 2024
Warp drives may or may not be possible, but if they are then could a distant alien civilization’s warp fields produce gravitational waves that we could see here on Earth? According to a recent study.. Actually maybe, at least eventually. And we now know just what to look for and how to look for it.
2024x19 - Was Penrose Right? NEW EVIDENCE For Quantum Effects In The Brain
July 25, 2024
Nobel laureate Roger Penrose is widely held to be one of the most brilliant living physicists for his wide-ranging work from black holes to cosmology. And then there’s his idea about how consciousness is caused by quantum processes. Most scientists have dismissed this as a cute eccentricity—a guy like Roger gets to have at least one crazy theory without being demoted from the supersmartypants club. The most common argument for this dismissal is that quantum effects can’t survive long enough in an environment as warm and chaotic as the brain. Well, a new study has revealed that Penrose’s prime candidate molecule for this quantum activity does indeed exhibit large scale quantum activity. So was Penrose right after all? Are you a quantum entity?
2024x20 - Colored Black Holes Explained
August 1, 2024
The primary characteristic that defines black holes is in the name. Black holes are black. The gravitational pull at the event horizon is so powerful that not even light can escape. In this case, black means absence of light. We also think of black as indicating absence of colour. But it turns out there is a way to make a coloured black hole—as long as by colour you mean quantum chromodynamic charge.
2024x21 - Can We Create New Elements Beyond the Periodic Table?
August 15, 2024
Scientists have been slowly extending the periodic table one element at a time, pushing to higher and higher masses, and have discovered some incredibly useful materials along the way. But the elements at the current end of the table are so unstable that they decay almost as soon as they’re created in our particle accelerators. Have we reached the end of the line of discoverable elements? There are new rows of the periodic table to unlock, and more stable versions of known heavy elements to synthesize—and while our accelerators are coming up short, astronomers have found a strange cosmic phenomenon that may populate the periodic table beyond our wildest dreams.
2024x22 - Is Gravity RANDOM Not Quantum?
August 22, 2024
The holy grail of theoretical physics is to find the long-sought theory of quantum gravity. But what if this theory is as mythical as the grail of legend? What if gravity isn’t weirdly quantum at all, but rather … just a bit messy? Or random? So says the postquantum gravity hypothesis of Jonathan Oppenheim.
2024x23 - What If Gravity Isn’t Quantum? New Experiments Explore
September 12, 2024
If we discover how to connect quantum mechanics with general relativity we’ll pretty much win physics. There are multiple theories that claim to do this, but it’s notoriously difficult to test them. They seem to require absurd experiments like a particle collider the size of a galaxy. Or we could try to physics smarter, instead of physicsing harder. Let’s talk about some ideas for quantum gravity experiments that can be done on a non-galaxy-sized lab bench, and in some cases already have been done.
2024x24 - The NEW PHYSICS of Black Hole Star Capture | Extreme Tidal Disruption Events
September 19, 2024
If you track the motion of individual stars in the ultra-dense star cluster at the very center of the Milky Way you’ll see that they swing in sharp orbits around some vast but invisible mass—that’s the Sagittarius A* supermassive black hole. These are perilous orbits, and sometimes a star wanders just a little too close to that lurking monster, leading to its utter destruction in the spectacular phenomenon known as a tidal disruption event. We’ve never seen a TDE in the Milky Way, but we’ve seen them in distant galaxies—and we now know how to spot stellar destructions so extreme that they reveal properties of the black hole itself.
2024x25 - What If The Universe DID NOT Start With The Big Bang?
September 26, 2024
Here’s the story we like to tell about the beginning of the universe. Space is expanding evenly everywhere, but if you rewind that expansion you find that all of space was once compacted in an infinitesimal point of infinite density—the singularity at the beginning of time. The expansion of the universe from this point is called the Big Bang. We like to tell this story because it's the correct conclusion from the description of an expanding universe that followed Einstein's general theory of relativity back in the 19-teens. But since then we've learned so much more since then. Does our modern understanding of the universe still insist on a point-like Big Bang? Recent work actually gives us a way to avoid the beginning of time.
2024x26 - What If The Cosmological Constant Is NOT Constant?
October 10, 2024
We know that the universe is getting bigger. And we know that the speed that the universe is getting bigger is also getting bigger. The standard assumption is that the acceleration rate is itself constant, which will surely result in ultimate heat death. But a recent survey of primordial sound waves frozen into the way galaxies are sprinkled through the universe reveals that this fate is now in question.
2024x27 - Do Neutron Stars Shine In Dark Matter?
October 17, 2024
Neutron stars aren't dark matter--we figured that out a while ago. But new research is telling us that they may be dark matter factories. They may produce the exotic axion, one of the most popular dark matter candidates.
2024x28 - How Can Humanity Become a Kardashev Type 1 Civilization?
November 7, 2024
Imagine a world where humanity masters every planetary resource available to it—our first step on the famous Kardeshev scale of technological advancement. How distant is that step? Will we even become a true Type-1 civilization, and how can we get there?
2024x29 - Can Space Time Remember?
November 14, 2024
There are cosmic events so powerful that they leave permanent marks on the fabric of the universe itself. Imagine two colossal black holes spiraling into each other, yes they send ripples in the fabric of spacetime—gravitational waves that we’ve only recently learned to sense. Ripples pass, leaving the pond … or the universe … unchanged when they’re gone. But ripples aren’t the only type of wave. There’s another type of wave that leaves a permanent mark—a memory etched in the fabric of the universe. They’re akin to gravitational tsunamis, and we’re on the verge of being able to detect them.
2024x30 - Is E=MC^2 Incomplete?
November 21, 2024
Every good nerd knows that E=mc^2. Every great nerd knows that, really, E^2=m^2c^4+p^2c^2 Want to know what that even means? Sure, I’ll tell you, but today I’d like to invite you to an even higher level of nerdom with extra bits to Einstein’s famous equation that will make even the greatest nerds quiver in their … space time merch if they turn out to be real.
2024x31 - The NEW Ultimate Energy Limit of the Universe
December 5, 2024
Is there a limit to how much energy you can cram into, or pull out of one patch of space? Well, we thought so, but the James Webb Space Telescope has found a quasar that simultaneously breaks a century-old theoretical limit and may explain the conundrum of gigantic black holes in the early universe.
2024x32 - What Does An Electron ACTUALLY Look Like?
December 12, 2024
What does an electron really look like? I mean, if we zoom in all the way. Is it a sizeless speck of charge? Is it a multidimensional vortex of quantum strangeness? Is it the boundary of a tiny universe with universe-electrons of its own? Let’s find out.
2024x33 - Does Infinity - Infinity = an Electron?
December 19, 2024
What do you get if you take something that’s infinitely massive and combining with something else that’s negative infinitely massive? You get a single electron, at least that’s what it looks like in our most precise way of describing the quantum world.

PBS Space Time: All seasons

S0: Specials
8 Episode s
S1: Season 1
1 Episode
S2015: Season 2015
43 Episode s
S2016: Season 2016
48 Episode s
S2017: Season 2017
45 Episode s
S2018: Season 2018
44 Episode s
S2019: Season 2019
40 Episode s
S2020: Season 2020
41 Episode s
S2021: Season 2021
35 Episode s
S2022: Season 2022
34 Episode s
S2023: Season 2023
33 Episode s
S2024: Season 2024
33 Episode s

2024x1 - Can Cosmic Voids Solve The Crisis in Cosmology?

2024x2 - Does Antimatter Create Anti-Gravity?

2024x3 - Did JWST Solve The Mystery of Supermassive Black Hole Origins?

2024x4 - What if Singularities DO NOT Exist?

2024x5 - EMP Attack: The Real Science of Electromagnetic Pulse

2024x6 - Dark Forest: Should We NOT Contact Aliens?

2024x7 - Does Space Emerge From A Holographic Boundary?

2024x8 - What If Gravity is NOT A Fundamental Force? | Entropic Gravity

2024x9 - How Eclipses Revealed Our Solar System

2024x10 - Why Is The World Rushing Back To The Moon?

2024x11 - What Happens If You Jump Into A Black Hole?

2024x12 - Interstellar Expansion WITHOUT Faster Than Light Travel

2024x13 - Can Black Holes Unify General Relativity & Quantum Mechanics?

2024x14 - How Supernovas Act as Universe’s Largest Particle Accelerators

2024x15 - Is It IMPOSSIBLE To Cross The Event Horizon? | Black Hole Firewall Paradox

2024x16 - Will The Sun’s Magnetic Field Flip This Year?

2024x17 - Can a Particle Be Neither Matter Nor Force?

2024x18 - How To Detect Faster Than Light Travel

2024x19 - Was Penrose Right? NEW EVIDENCE For Quantum Effects In The Brain

2024x20 - Colored Black Holes Explained

2024x21 - Can We Create New Elements Beyond the Periodic Table?

2024x22 - Is Gravity RANDOM Not Quantum?

2024x23 - What If Gravity Isn’t Quantum? New Experiments Explore

2024x24 - The NEW PHYSICS of Black Hole Star Capture | Extreme Tidal Disruption Events

2024x25 - What If The Universe DID NOT Start With The Big Bang?

2024x26 - What If The Cosmological Constant Is NOT Constant?

2024x27 - Do Neutron Stars Shine In Dark Matter?

2024x28 - How Can Humanity Become a Kardashev Type 1 Civilization?

2024x29 - Can Space Time Remember?

2024x30 - Is E=MC^2 Incomplete?

2024x31 - The NEW Ultimate Energy Limit of the Universe

2024x32 - What Does An Electron ACTUALLY Look Like?

2024x33 - Does Infinity - Infinity = an Electron?

S0: Specials

S1: Season 1

S2015: Season 2015

S2016: Season 2016

S2017: Season 2017

S2018: Season 2018

S2019: Season 2019

S2020: Season 2020

S2021: Season 2021

S2022: Season 2022

S2023: Season 2023

S2024: Season 2024